Innovation is crucial to the development and deployment of technologies. A widely deployed model to understand technology builds on the concept of the technology life cycle. The life cycle of technologies can be divided into stages – from invention, through research, development, and dissemination (RD&D) and market development, to commercial diffusion. Different processes occur at each stage of the technology life cycle, providing various opportunities to employ instruments that promote innovation.
Traditionally, IPR is divided into two forms: industrial property rights and copyright. In general, copyright is a legal term describing rights given to creators over their literary and artistic creations, while the term ‘industrial property rights’ refers to certain exclusive rights regarding innovative ideas or distinguishing signs in the industrial or commercial field. The industrial property takes a range of forms and includes patents to protect inventions, trademarks, industrial designs, and commercial names.